Researchers successfully engineered injectable microspheres from polypeptide material and covalently grafted GHK-Cu onto them to create a bone tissue engineering scaffold. The GHK-Cu functionalized microspheres demonstrated significant osteogenic effects (bone-forming gene expression increased 1.6–3.5 fold) and robust angiogenic (blood vessel formation) stimulation in bone marrow stem cells. This represents a landmark application of GHK-Cu demonstrating dual biological pathways relevant to bone repair and regeneration in a clinically viable injectable format.
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GHK-Cu grafted microspheres show dual osteogenic and angiogenic activity in stem cells, supporting its role in bone repair scaffolds.